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Many schools have received funding through the Office on Violence Against Women Campus Program of the US Department of Justice, created by Congress to provide grants to develop and strengthen trauma-informed victim services and strategies to prevent, investigate, and respond to sexual assault, sexual harassment, domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking. Since its establishment, US institutions of higher education have increasingly adopted approaches to address campus-based violence.

In January 2014, President Barack Obama established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault (hereinafter referred to as the White House Task Force) to strengthen federal enforcement efforts and provide recommendations and tools that colleges and universities could use to address sexual assault on their campuses. White House Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault This body of research highlights the need for culturally, racially, socially, and gender-relevant services for survivors of sexual and relationship violence. Studies have consistently found that violence is perpetrated at higher rates against students with (vs without) disabilities both during and before enrolling in college or university. A study at a Hispanic-serving institution found that sexual and gender minority undergraduate students who experienced past-year violence were more than twice as likely to report some type of interference with their academic lives (eg, obtaining poor grades and missing class or work) compared with heterosexual, cisgender students who experienced past-year violence. ĭata from 71,421 undergraduates found higher odds of sexual assault among cisgender women (vs cisgender men), transgender people (vs cisgender men), gay (vs heterosexual) men, and bisexual (vs heterosexual) students. Compared with students unexposed to violence, college survivors of sexual assault are significantly more likely to have reduced grade point averages and slower time to completion of their degree and have an increased likelihood of leaving college or university altogether.

IPV and sexual violence have been associated with increased risk of anxiety and depression, suicidal ideation, migraines, unprotected sex, unintended pregnancy, reduced access to reproductive health services, alcohol and substance use, and HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Although most commonly perpetrated by individuals known to the victim or survivor, including and oftentimes an intimate partner, sexual violence also includes unwanted acts used by persons who are not intimate partners and by persons not known to the victim or survivor. Sexual violence, defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as “a sexual act that is committed or attempted by another person without freely given consent of the victim or against someone who is unable to consent or refuse,” includes sexual assault, rape, and sexual coercion. It is estimated that one-third of all college students in the United States have experienced some form of IPV, and 20% of female and 6% of male students have experienced sexual violence while in college. IPV is defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as “physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, and psychological aggression (including coercive tactics) by a current or former intimate partner (i.e., spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, dating partner, or ongoing sexual partner)”. Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence are pervasive public health issues on college and university campuses in the United States.

The Public Health Problem of Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence on College Campuses

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